Radiation Research Report by RADIOACTIVE RUSS-2-1-14

Whats the big deal -Its only an ALPHA Emitter!
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fukushimatruths.freeforums.net/


enenews.com/govt-report-concern-plutonium-uranium-being-deposited-concentrating-away-isotopes-transfer-sea-land-sea-spray-aerosols-flooding-human-exposure-inhalation-food-contact

House of Commons Energy and Climate Change Committee (pdf), Volume II Additional written evidence, Sixth Report of Session 2012–13:
    very long lived, non-soluble isotopes of Plutonium, Americium, Uranium and Curium might be expected to deposit out     and re-concentrate relative to ambient water column concentrations.

    to re-concentrate in marine micro layers, marine sea sprays and marine aerosols and hence to transfer from the sea to     the land [with] potential human exposure via inhalation, contact etc.

    have been shown to transfer from the sea to the land (via sea spray, aerosols, flooding) and to contaminate terrestrial     foodstuffs and thus enter terrestrial dietary chains.

    radioactivity deposited in inter tidal sedimentary environments has been shown to be susceptible to re-suspension (in     drying conditions) and blowing ashore adsorbed to fine sediment particles to contaminate house dust and perhaps     terrestrial foodstuffs [..

www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201213/cmselect/cmenergy/117/117vw.pdf

Nuclear Expert: Fukushima melted fuel is drifting in ocean and onto land, lacking any containment -- It ends up on coastline and blows into communities -- People get an exceptional dose -- Health harm will go on for thousands, if not tens of thousands of years (AUDIO)http://enenews.com/nuclear-expert-fukushima-melted-fuel-is-migrating-out-of-containment-it-will-end-up-on-coastline-in-fine-particles-and-gets-blown-into-neighborhoods-health-harm-from-this-fuel-to-last-for-thous

And: Nuclear Expert: Melted fuel is exiting Fukushima site — Very effective way of it being dispersed to humans far away from plant enenews.com/nuclear-expert-melted-fuel-is-exiting-fukushima-site-its-being-dispersed-to-humans-a-long-way-from-plant-situation-is-beyond-mans-control-audio


U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES
Public Health Service Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
November 2010 www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp143.pdf

Pg26 Toxicological profile-plutonium

Plutonium can enter your body when it is inhaled or swallowed. Plutonium in your body will remain there for many years

When you breathe air that contains plutonium, some of it will get trapped in your lungs. Some of the trapped plutonium will move to other parts of your body, mainly your bones and liver. The amount of plutonium that stays in your lungs depends on the solubility of the plutonium that is in the air you breathe.

A small amount of the plutonium you swallow (much less than 1%) will enter other parts of your body (mainly your bones and liver).

If plutonium gets onto your healthy skin, very little, if any, plutonium will enter your body. More plutonium will enter your body if gets onto injured skin, such as a cut or burn.

Plutonium leaves your body very slowly in the urine and feces. If plutonium were to enter your lungs today, much of the plutonium would still be in your body 30–50 years later

Pg 45 Toxicological profile-plutonium The most widely studied plutonium compound, 239 PuO2, is only moderately soluble, which results in long-term retention in the lung following inhalation exposure.

Toxicity
Isotopes and compounds of plutonium are radioactive and accumulate in bone marrow.
During the decay of plutonium, three types of radiation are released—alpha, beta, and gamma. Alpha radiation can travel only a short distance and cannot travel through the outer, dead layer of human skin. Beta radiation can penetrate human skin, but cannot go all the way through the body. Gamma radiation can go all the way through the body.[92] Alpha, beta, and gamma radiation are all forms of ionizing radiation.

Even though alpha radiation cannot penetrate the skin, ingested or inhaled plutonium does irradiate internal organs.[32] The skeleton, where plutonium accumulates, and the liver, where it collects and becomes concentrated, are at risk.[31] Plutonium is not absorbed into the body efficiently when ingested; only 0.04% of plutonium oxide is absorbed after ingestion.[32] Plutonium absorbed by the body is excreted very slowly, with a biological half-life of 200 years.[93] Plutonium passes only slowly through cell membranes and intestinal boundaries, so absorption by ingestion and incorporation into bone structure proceeds very slowly.[94]

When inhaled, plutonium can pass into the bloodstream. Once in the bloodstream, plutonium moves throughout the body and into the bones, liver, or other body organs. Plutonium that reaches body organs generally stays in the body for decades and continues to expose the surrounding tissue to radiation and thus may cause cancer.[98]

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_decay
Alpha decay, or α-decay, is a type of radioactive decay in which an atomic nucleus emits an alpha particle

Alpha decay is by far the most common form of cluster decay where the parent atom ejects a defined daughter collection of nucleons, leaving another defined product behind (in nuclear fission, a number of different pairs of daughters of approximately equal size are formed). Alpha decay is the most likely cluster decay because of the combined extremely high binding energy and relatively small mass of the helium-4 product nucleus (the alpha particle). Alpha decay, like other cluster decays, is fundamentally a quantum tunneling process. Unlike beta decay, alpha decay is governed by the interplay between the nuclear force and the electromagnetic force.

Being relatively heavy and positively charged, alpha particles tend to have a very short mean free path, and quickly lose kinetic energy within a short distance of their source. This results in several MeV being deposited in a relatively small volume of material. This increases the chance of cellular damage in cases of internal contamination. In general, external alpha radiation is not harmful since alpha particles are effectively shielded by a few centimeters of air, a piece of paper, or the thin layer of dead skin cells that make up the epidermis. Even touching an alpha source is usually not harmful, though many alpha sources also are accompanied by beta-emitting radio daughters, and alpha emission is also accompanied by gamma photon emission. If substances emitting alpha particles are ingested, inhaled, injected or introduced through the skin, then it could result in a measurable dose.

The relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of alpha radiation is higher than that of beta or gamma radiation. RBE quantifies the ability of radiation to cause certain biological effects, notably either cancer or cell-death, for equivalent radiation exposure. The higher value for alpha radiation is generally attributable to the high linear energy transfer (LET) coefficient, which is about one ionization of a chemical bond for every angstrom of travel by the alpha particle. The RBE has been set at the value of 20 for alpha radiation by various government regulations. The RBE is set at 10 for neutron irradiation, and at 1 for beta radiation and ionizing photons.

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_biological_effectiveness
The relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of alpha radiation is higher than that of beta or gamma radiation. RBE quantifies the ability of radiation to cause certain biological effects, notably either cancer or cell-death, for equivalent radiation exposure.
In radiology, the relative biological effectiveness (often abbreviated as RBE) is the ratio of biological effectiveness of one type of ionizing radiation relative to another, given the same amount of absorbed energy. The RBE is an empirical value that varies depending on the particles, energies involved, and which biological effects are deemed relevant. It is a set of experimental measurements.

Different types of radiation have different biological effectiveness mainly because they transfer their energy to the tissue in different ways. Photons and beta particles have a low linear energy transfer coefficient, meaning that they ionize atoms in the tissue that are spaced by several hundred nanometers (several tenths of a micrometer) apart, along their path. In contrast, the much more massive alpha particles and neutrons leave a denser trail of ionized atoms in their wake, spaced about one tenth of a nanometer apart (i.e., less than one-thousandth of the typical distance between ionizations for photons and beta particles).

The higher value for alpha radiation is generally attributable to the high linear energy transfer (LET) coefficient, which is about one ionization of a chemical bond for every angstrom of travel by the alpha particle.
The angstrom or ångström ([ˈɔŋstrøm]) is a unit of length equal to 10−10 m (one ten-billionth of a meter) or 0.1 nm. Its symbol is the Swedish letter Å.

The RBE has been set at the value of 20 for alpha radiation by various government regulations. The RBE is set at 10 for neutron irradiation, and at 1 for beta radiation and ionizing photons.

However, another component of alpha radiation is the recoil of the parent nucleus, termed alpha recoil. Due to the conservation of momentum requiring the parent nucleus to recoil, the effect acts much like the 'kick' of a rifle butt when a bullet goes in the opposite direction. This gives a significant amount of energy to the recoiling nucleus, which also causes ionization damage (see ionizing radiation). The total energy of the recoil nucleus is readily calculable, and is roughly the weight of the alpha (4 u) divided by the weight of the parent (typically about 200 u) times the total energy of the alpha. By some estimates, this might account for most of the internal radiation damage, as the recoil nuclei are typically heavy metals which preferentially collect on the chromosomes.

In some studies,[5] this has resulted in a RBE approaching 1,000 instead of the value used in governmental regulations.

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronvolt

meV, keV, MeV, GeV, TeV and PeV redirect here. For other uses, see MEV, KEV, GEV, TEV and PEV.

In physics, the electron volt (symbol eV; also written electronvolt[1][2]) is a unit of energy equal to approximately 1.6×10−19 joule (symbol J). By definition, it is the amount of energy gained (or lost) by the charge of a single electron moved across an electric potential difference of one volt. Thus it is 1 volt (1 joule per coulomb, 1 J/C) multiplied by the elementary charge (e, or 1.602176565(35)×10−19 C). Therefore, one electron volt is equal to 1.602176565(35)×10−19 J.[3]
The electron volt is not an SI unit, and thus its value in SI units must be obtained experimentally.[4] Like the elementary charge on which it is based, it is not an independent quantity but is equal to 1 J/C √2hα / μ0c0. It is a common unit of energy within physics, widely used in solid state, atomic, nuclear, and particle physics. It is commonly used with the SI prefixes milli-, kilo-, mega-, giga-, tera-, peta- or exa- (meV, keV, MeV, GeV, TeV, PeV and EeV respectively). Thus meV stands for milli-electron volt.

210 MeV: the average energy released in fission of one Pu-239 atom
200 MeV: the average energy released in nuclear fission of one U-235 atom
17.6 MeV: the average energy released in the fusion of deuterium and tritium to form He-4; this is 0.41 PJ per kilogram of product produced
1 MeV (1.602×10−13 J): about twice the rest energy of an electron
13.6 eV: the energy required to ionize atomic hydrogen; molecular bond energies are on the order of 1 eV to 10 eV per bond
1.6 eV to 3.4 eV: the photon energy of visible light
25 meV: the thermal energy kBT at room temperature; one air molecule has an average kinetic energy 38 meV
230 µeV: the thermal energy kBT of the cosmic microwave background