Post by Ex_Nuke_Troop on Apr 11, 2014 8:15:35 GMT
NY Times : Japan Pushes Plan to Stockpile Plutonium, Despite Proliferation Risks
By HIROKO TABUCHIAPRIL 9, 2014
TOKYO — Just weeks after Japan agreed to give up a cache of weapons-grade plutonium, the country is set to push ahead with a program that would produce new stockpiles of the material, creating a proliferation risk for decades to come.
Though that additional plutonium would not be the grade that is most desirable for bombs, and is therefore less of a threat, it could — in knowledgeable hands and with some work and time — be used to make a weapon. The newly created stockpiles would add to tons of other plutonium already being stored in Japan.
“The government made a big deal out of returning several hundred kilograms of plutonium, but it brushes over the fact that Japan has so much more,” said Sumio Mabuchi, an opposition lawmaker who served as adviser to the government in the early days of the 2011 Fukushima disaster. “It’s hypocritical.”
Plutonium staying in Japan would be used for a nuclear recycling program that has become one of the most contentious parts of the nation’s first comprehensive energy plan since the Fukushima nuclear disaster. The plan is expected to be approved by the cabinet as early as Friday.
The recycling program, which seeks to separate plutonium from used nuclear fuel so it can be reused to power reactors, is seen by supporters as a way of ensuring resource-poor Japan more energy independence.
The program has helped delay the energy plan’s approval, with even some members of the governing party worried by its cost and by criticism from proliferation experts at home and abroad.
Those experts fear the plutonium produced by recycling would create an inviting target for terrorists to steal or attack, and American officials have been quietly pressing Japan not to build up larger stocks of the material. The plutonium is far easier to use in weapons than the uranium that has been used to power most of Japan’s nuclear reactors.
For the many Japanese frightened of atomic power after the Fukushima Daiichi disaster, the government’s continued push for recycling after years of missteps is a worrisome sign that the government plans a robust nuclear energy program in the future despite promises to eventually reduce the nation’s use of atomic power. (The country’s functioning nuclear reactors have been idled while they undergo more stringent safety checks introduced after the accident.)
The plans also mean Japan is committed to using a mixed plutonium-uranium fuel for reactors that is considered somewhat more dangerous than uranium fuel if there is an accident. The mixture, called mixed oxide fuel, is necessary because plutonium produced by recycling cannot be used alone in the reactors.
Japan’s intent to grow its plutonium inventory is also becoming a new irritant in Tokyo’s relations with its Asian neighbors, threatening to further destabilize a region already mired in disputes over territory and wartime history. This month, China accused Japan of stockpiling plutonium and uranium “far exceeding its normal needs.” The implication is that Japan wants to retain the plutonium in case it decided to pursue its own nuclear weapons program.
For Prime Minister Shinzo Abe and other proponents of recycling, the risks are outweighed by the benefit of more energy independence — a goal of Japanese leaders for decades. While uranium remains widely available, and cheap, the Abe administration says Japan’s nuclear program should not be vulnerable to disruptions of supply or a possible rise in costs.
“Japan must continue with the nuclear fuel cycle,” said Kazuo Ishikawa, a former Trade Ministry official who worked on energy policy. “Japan’s energy security depends on it.”
Anxiety over Japan’s planned recycling program stretches back decades. As some countries, including Britain and Russia, have opted to reprocess plutonium for nuclear fuel, the United States under Presidents Gerald R. Ford and Jimmy Carter turned away from the idea in good part because it was considered a possible new path to a bomb. The fear was that other countries would be more inclined to start the programs if the United States did so, creating stocks of plutonium around the world.
The stockpiles in Japan have been especially worrisome to American officials because they are lightly protected.
Until recently, the Rokkasho Reprocessing Plant, where much of the plutonium is stored and where new plutonium will be extracted from spent fuel, was protected by unarmed guards since civilians cannot carry firearms under Japanese law. Armed policemen are now stationed at the plant for backup, but foreign nuclear proliferation experts worry the lightly armed guards would not be a match for terrorists.
People working at the plant, meanwhile, do not undergo criminal or terrorist background checks, according to officials at the plant, though there are plans to begin doing some vetting of employees’ backgrounds. The plant has not yet begun extracting new plutonium while it awaits final regulatory approval, but the energy plan is expected to create more pressure for a swift start. (The plutonium already there was reprocessed abroad.)
Still, Japanese officials are unlikely to give up on their recycling dreams. In the 1950s, when Japan first drew up its nuclear energy goals, officials assured a still war-weary nation that atomic power, together with recycling, would finally relieve Japan’s almost complete dependence on imported gas, oil and coal.
Tokyo had the blessing of its new ally, the United States, which was eager to sell its nuclear generation technology abroad and which planned a similar recycling plan at home. The United States helped supply uranium to Japan for its early reactors, and also shipped about 300 kilograms, or about 660 pounds, of weapons-grade plutonium to Japan to aid in its nuclear power research. The plutonium from that program is the cache Japan recently agreed to return.
The plutonium that will remain is dedicated to the recycling project, which is decades behind schedule because of technical problems and opposition to recycling. “It is absurd that Japan is still seeing plutonium recycling as a ticket to energy security,” said Matthew Bunn, an associate professor at the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard.
Besides a drive for energy independence, critics say the Japanese government is continuing to push recycling because the nuclear establishment remains powerful and because of the tremendous investment the government and utilities have made. The Rokkasho facility alone has taken $22 billion and more than 20 years to build.
“You make decisions, you make careers, you sink lots of investment, and it’s very difficult to look at the world going forward,” Robert Einhorn, who was an adviser to Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton and is now a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution, said during a recent panel discussion on Japan’s stores of plutonium.
Japanese proponents of recycling say it would decrease the amount of long-lived radioactive material to be disposed. When a previous government led by the Democratic Party suggested it would wind down the fuel cycle program, the government of the village of Rokkasho angrily proposed returning all of the spent fuel it stores from nuclear power plants around Japan. Most of those plants are running out of storage space because of the long delays with nuclear recycling.
“That is our trickiest dilemma,” said Tatsujiro Suzuki, the vice chairman of Japan’s Atomic Energy Commission.
And at least some Japanese are happy to maintain the plutonium stockpiles for national security. Nervous about recent tensions with China and North Korea, which recently launched missiles into waters off Japan, they say keeping plutonium that could be used to make weapons is not a bad deterrent to have around.
“It doesn’t hurt,” Mr. Ishikawa said, “that others think we could build one.”
Makiko Inoue contributed reporting from Tokyo, and David E. Sanger and Matthew L. Wald from Washington.
www.nytimes.com/2014/04/10/world/asia/japan-pushes-plan-to-stockpile-plutonium-despite-proliferation-risks.html?src=me&_r=1
By HIROKO TABUCHIAPRIL 9, 2014
TOKYO — Just weeks after Japan agreed to give up a cache of weapons-grade plutonium, the country is set to push ahead with a program that would produce new stockpiles of the material, creating a proliferation risk for decades to come.
Though that additional plutonium would not be the grade that is most desirable for bombs, and is therefore less of a threat, it could — in knowledgeable hands and with some work and time — be used to make a weapon. The newly created stockpiles would add to tons of other plutonium already being stored in Japan.
“The government made a big deal out of returning several hundred kilograms of plutonium, but it brushes over the fact that Japan has so much more,” said Sumio Mabuchi, an opposition lawmaker who served as adviser to the government in the early days of the 2011 Fukushima disaster. “It’s hypocritical.”
Plutonium staying in Japan would be used for a nuclear recycling program that has become one of the most contentious parts of the nation’s first comprehensive energy plan since the Fukushima nuclear disaster. The plan is expected to be approved by the cabinet as early as Friday.
The recycling program, which seeks to separate plutonium from used nuclear fuel so it can be reused to power reactors, is seen by supporters as a way of ensuring resource-poor Japan more energy independence.
The program has helped delay the energy plan’s approval, with even some members of the governing party worried by its cost and by criticism from proliferation experts at home and abroad.
Those experts fear the plutonium produced by recycling would create an inviting target for terrorists to steal or attack, and American officials have been quietly pressing Japan not to build up larger stocks of the material. The plutonium is far easier to use in weapons than the uranium that has been used to power most of Japan’s nuclear reactors.
For the many Japanese frightened of atomic power after the Fukushima Daiichi disaster, the government’s continued push for recycling after years of missteps is a worrisome sign that the government plans a robust nuclear energy program in the future despite promises to eventually reduce the nation’s use of atomic power. (The country’s functioning nuclear reactors have been idled while they undergo more stringent safety checks introduced after the accident.)
The plans also mean Japan is committed to using a mixed plutonium-uranium fuel for reactors that is considered somewhat more dangerous than uranium fuel if there is an accident. The mixture, called mixed oxide fuel, is necessary because plutonium produced by recycling cannot be used alone in the reactors.
Japan’s intent to grow its plutonium inventory is also becoming a new irritant in Tokyo’s relations with its Asian neighbors, threatening to further destabilize a region already mired in disputes over territory and wartime history. This month, China accused Japan of stockpiling plutonium and uranium “far exceeding its normal needs.” The implication is that Japan wants to retain the plutonium in case it decided to pursue its own nuclear weapons program.
For Prime Minister Shinzo Abe and other proponents of recycling, the risks are outweighed by the benefit of more energy independence — a goal of Japanese leaders for decades. While uranium remains widely available, and cheap, the Abe administration says Japan’s nuclear program should not be vulnerable to disruptions of supply or a possible rise in costs.
“Japan must continue with the nuclear fuel cycle,” said Kazuo Ishikawa, a former Trade Ministry official who worked on energy policy. “Japan’s energy security depends on it.”
Anxiety over Japan’s planned recycling program stretches back decades. As some countries, including Britain and Russia, have opted to reprocess plutonium for nuclear fuel, the United States under Presidents Gerald R. Ford and Jimmy Carter turned away from the idea in good part because it was considered a possible new path to a bomb. The fear was that other countries would be more inclined to start the programs if the United States did so, creating stocks of plutonium around the world.
The stockpiles in Japan have been especially worrisome to American officials because they are lightly protected.
Until recently, the Rokkasho Reprocessing Plant, where much of the plutonium is stored and where new plutonium will be extracted from spent fuel, was protected by unarmed guards since civilians cannot carry firearms under Japanese law. Armed policemen are now stationed at the plant for backup, but foreign nuclear proliferation experts worry the lightly armed guards would not be a match for terrorists.
People working at the plant, meanwhile, do not undergo criminal or terrorist background checks, according to officials at the plant, though there are plans to begin doing some vetting of employees’ backgrounds. The plant has not yet begun extracting new plutonium while it awaits final regulatory approval, but the energy plan is expected to create more pressure for a swift start. (The plutonium already there was reprocessed abroad.)
Still, Japanese officials are unlikely to give up on their recycling dreams. In the 1950s, when Japan first drew up its nuclear energy goals, officials assured a still war-weary nation that atomic power, together with recycling, would finally relieve Japan’s almost complete dependence on imported gas, oil and coal.
Tokyo had the blessing of its new ally, the United States, which was eager to sell its nuclear generation technology abroad and which planned a similar recycling plan at home. The United States helped supply uranium to Japan for its early reactors, and also shipped about 300 kilograms, or about 660 pounds, of weapons-grade plutonium to Japan to aid in its nuclear power research. The plutonium from that program is the cache Japan recently agreed to return.
The plutonium that will remain is dedicated to the recycling project, which is decades behind schedule because of technical problems and opposition to recycling. “It is absurd that Japan is still seeing plutonium recycling as a ticket to energy security,” said Matthew Bunn, an associate professor at the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard.
Besides a drive for energy independence, critics say the Japanese government is continuing to push recycling because the nuclear establishment remains powerful and because of the tremendous investment the government and utilities have made. The Rokkasho facility alone has taken $22 billion and more than 20 years to build.
“You make decisions, you make careers, you sink lots of investment, and it’s very difficult to look at the world going forward,” Robert Einhorn, who was an adviser to Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton and is now a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution, said during a recent panel discussion on Japan’s stores of plutonium.
Japanese proponents of recycling say it would decrease the amount of long-lived radioactive material to be disposed. When a previous government led by the Democratic Party suggested it would wind down the fuel cycle program, the government of the village of Rokkasho angrily proposed returning all of the spent fuel it stores from nuclear power plants around Japan. Most of those plants are running out of storage space because of the long delays with nuclear recycling.
“That is our trickiest dilemma,” said Tatsujiro Suzuki, the vice chairman of Japan’s Atomic Energy Commission.
And at least some Japanese are happy to maintain the plutonium stockpiles for national security. Nervous about recent tensions with China and North Korea, which recently launched missiles into waters off Japan, they say keeping plutonium that could be used to make weapons is not a bad deterrent to have around.
“It doesn’t hurt,” Mr. Ishikawa said, “that others think we could build one.”
Makiko Inoue contributed reporting from Tokyo, and David E. Sanger and Matthew L. Wald from Washington.
www.nytimes.com/2014/04/10/world/asia/japan-pushes-plan-to-stockpile-plutonium-despite-proliferation-risks.html?src=me&_r=1
so whats happening in the Solomons, is haarp missing its mark?